Best 23 Software Development Outsourcing Companies (2026)
The software development outsourcing landscape continues to evolve rapidly, with top companies standing out for their ability to deliver robust, scalable solutions that help businesses stay competitive. These agencies combine deep technical expertise with a genuine commitment to understanding client needs, resulting in projects that are completed on time and often exceed expectations.
What sets the best software development outsourcing companies apart is their consistent focus on quality engineering, transparent communication, and adaptability to various tech stacks and industries. From cloud infrastructure to modern web applications and intelligent automation, these partners enable organizations to accelerate growth while maintaining control over their vision and budget.
1. Oski Solutions
OSKI Solutions provides software development outsourcing with full-cycle development and dedicated team support. We help businesses through team augmentation and IT outsourcing while delivering custom solutions tailored to specific needs. Our work covers web application development, digital transformation, and legacy system modernization with careful attention to integration points and architecture.
We understand the demands of industries such as e-commerce, healthcare, fintech, edtech, logistics and manufacturing where reliable outsourcing makes a practical difference. We work with core technologies including .NET, Node.js, React development, Azure, and AWS along with Umbraco CMS expertise to support cloud migration, API integration, and AI-driven services in a steady and structured way.
Key Highlights:
Custom software development
Dedicated team setup
Legacy system modernization
Cloud migration support
API integration delivery
Services:
Software development outsourcing
Web application development
Digital transformation
React development
Cloud migration
API integration
Contact Information:
Website: oski.site
E-mail: [email protected]
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/oski-solutions
Address: Kaupmehe tn 7, 10114 Tallinn, Estonia
Phone: +48571282759
Software Development Outsourcing Services
Access reliable development capacity, accelerate project delivery, and scale solutions with experienced outsourcing partners.
2. Itransition
Itransition offers software development outsourcing services with a focus on custom solutions. The company builds applications that fit specific workflows and user requirements while addressing limitations of standard software packages. Itransition also develops software products from initial concepts through to market readiness. The company handles application implementation along with ongoing modernization efforts to support business operations and efficiency.
Application services form a core part of what Itransition delivers for reliable performance across different channels. Quality assurance processes help identify potential issues early in development cycles. Maintenance and support activities include regular monitoring and updates to keep systems running smoothly. The company works with various solution types including business applications and consumer-oriented platforms.
Key Highlights:
Custom software development tailored to client workflows
Software product development for new offerings or existing evolution
Application implementation with modernization options
Quality assurance through comprehensive testing
Maintenance with continuous monitoring and updates
Services:
Business applications
BPM solutions
ERP systems
CRM software
eLearning software
Artificial intelligence solutions
Contact Information:
Website: www.itransition.com
Phone: +1 720 207 2820
Email: [email protected]
Address: 160 Clairemont Ave, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/itransition
Facebook: www.facebook.com/Itransition
Twitter: x.com/itransition
3. Saigon Technology
Saigon Technology provides software development outsourcing through different engagement approaches. The company works with clients to add resources or build dedicated groups based on project requirements. Saigon Technology operates from locations in Vietnam and maintains ISO certifications for its processes. The company has experience across multiple industries and offers models like staff augmentation for quick scaling needs.
Fixed price arrangements suit projects with clearly defined scopes and timelines. Saigon Technology emphasizes communication tools and agile methods to keep work organized. The company handles both web and mobile development projects while providing post-delivery support options.
Key Highlights:
Staff augmentation for adding skilled developers
Dedicated development team setup
Fixed price project model
ISO 9001 and 27001 certifications
Agile methodologies with DevOps tools
Services:
Mobile app development
Web app development
Back-end development
Front-end development
Blockchain solutions
DevOps implementation
Contact Information:
Website: saigontechnology.com
Phone: (+84) 767 496 612
Email: [email protected]
Address: 3rd Floor, Orchard Parkview Building, 130-132 Hong Ha Street, Duc Nhuan Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/saigon-technology
Facebook: www.facebook.com/saigontechnology
Twitter: x.com/saigontech
4. 21century.tech
21century.tech provides software development and consulting services with attention to team setup and project requirements. The company works on creating dedicated teams that deliver secure and responsive digital solutions. 21century.tech offers various engagement models including outsourcing and team augmentation. The company handles infrastructure services and cybersecurity needs.
Software development covers custom applications and product work. The company supports UX/UI design along with testing and quality assurance processes. IT consulting helps with technical decisions and strategy. Data analytics and help desk services round out the available support options.
Key Highlights:
Software development outsourcing
Dedicated development teams
Team augmentation
Legacy modernization
Cloud application development
Services:
Application services
UX/UI design
Testing and QA
IT consulting
Data analytics
Cybersecurity services
Contact Information:
Website: 21century.tech
Email: [email protected]
5. ScienceSoft
ScienceSoft delivers software development outsourcing with attention to project goals despite changing conditions. The company supports various industries through its engineering capabilities and helps bridge resource needs. ScienceSoft structures its work around different models depending on client situations and priorities.
Team augmentation allows specialists to join existing groups under client direction. Dedicated arrangements cover specific project areas with regular updates provided. Full process outsourcing takes responsibility for complete development cycles from planning to delivery.
Key Highlights:
Team augmentation model
Dedicated team approach
Full process outsourcing option
Industry-specific software development
Software modernization capabilities
Services:
New application development
Evolution of existing software
Cloud migration
Digital transformation
AI and machine learning integration
Contact Information:
Website: www.scnsoft.com
Phone: +1 214 306 68 37
Email: [email protected]
Address: 5900 S. Lake Forest Drive, Suite 300, McKinney, Dallas area, TX-75070
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/sciencesoft
Facebook: www.facebook.com/sciencesoft.solutions
Twitter: x.com/ScienceSoft
6. BairesDev
BairesDev delivers software development outsourcing with an emphasis on full project handling from initial discovery to final deployment. The company assembles delivery groups that manage execution while clients direct overall priorities and decisions. BairesDev works across various project stages including new builds and situations where existing work needs stabilization. Nearshore arrangements support real-time collaboration particularly for clients in similar time zones.
Custom application development covers web platforms along with internal tools and enterprise systems. Artificial intelligence initiatives incorporate machine learning models and predictive features into products. The company adjusts team composition as projects move through different phases. Business alignment efforts focus on connecting technical work to actual outcomes rather than just task completion.
Key Highlights:
End-to-end project delivery across full lifecycle
Custom app development for various platforms
AI and data science integration
Nearshore model with time zone alignment
Project rescue for stalled initiatives
Services:
Machine learning model development
Data pipeline creation
Predictive analytics features
Web application building
Enterprise system implementation
Contact Information:
Website: www.bairesdev.com
Phone: +1 (408) 478-2739
Address: 195 Montague Street, New York, USA
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/bairesdev
Facebook: www.facebook.com/bairesdev
Twitter: x.com/bairesdev
Instagram: www.instagram.com/bairesdev
7. SoftPro
SoftPro creates custom software solutions using modern technologies and Microsoft stack tools. The company builds web applications with emphasis on responsiveness and security. SoftPro handles cloud development and migration projects across different platforms. The company develops artificial intelligence solutions including machine learning and automation features.
Web application development supports user engagement and process optimization. Cloud solutions ensure scalability and performance. SoftPro focuses on full-stack expertise for frontend backend and CMS work. The company aims for high quality and reliable software across various business needs.
Key Highlights:
Custom software development
Web application development
Cloud development
Artificial intelligence solutions
Legacy system support
Services:
Azure and .NET development
Frontend and backend work
Cloud migration
Machine learning implementation
Application modernization
Contact Information:
Website: soft-pro.pl
Phone: +48 571 282 759
Address: Poland, Warsaw, Mazowieckie Voivodeship, 13 Erasmus Ciołka St. 401
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/kyrylo-o
8. Vention
Vention handles software development outsourcing through flexible models that suit different business situations. The company supports team extensions as well as dedicated arrangements and complete project delivery. Vention works with organizations at various stages from early startups to established enterprises. Security practices and engineering standards guide the work throughout each engagement.
Team extension provides additional engineers managed under client workflows. Dedicated setups take responsibility for performance and delivery outcomes. End-to-end delivery covers everything from planning stages through to release. Intellectual property arrangements ensure delivered work remains with the client. Vention adapts to specific project management tools when needed.
Key Highlights:
Team extension model
Dedicated team arrangements
End-to-end project delivery
IP rights protection
Agile delivery in sprints
Services:
Digital solution modernization
Software scaling initiatives
AI implementation
Blockchain development
AR and VR features
Contact Information:
Website: ventionteams.com
Phone: 718 374 5043
Email: [email protected]
Address: 575 Lexington Avenue, 14th Floor, NY 10022
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/ventionteams
Twitter: x.com/ventionteams
Instagram: www.instagram.com/ventionteams
9. AI Superior
AI Superior delivers artificial intelligence services with focus on custom software solutions. The company designs and builds web and mobile applications that incorporate machine learning models and complex algorithms. AI Superior provides consulting to identify suitable AI applications and supports data-driven culture development. The company also offers training programs for effective AI adoption.
Computer vision solutions handle image processing and analysis tasks. Natural language processing addresses text and speech related challenges. Predictive analytics uses historical and current data for future insights. AI Superior creates business intelligence tools and big data analytics capabilities for decision support.
Key Highlights:
AI software development
Artificial intelligence consulting
AI training programs
Research and development
Predictive analytics services
Services:
Computer vision implementation
Natural language processing
Business intelligence solutions
Big data analytics
Machine learning model creation
Contact Information:
Website: aisuperior.com
Phone: +49 6151 3943489
Email: [email protected]
Address: Robert-Bosch-Str. 7, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/ai-superior
Facebook: www.facebook.com/aisuperior
Twitter: x.com/aisuperior
Instagram: www.instagram.com/ai_superior
10. ValueCoders
ValueCoders supports software development outsourcing by integrating engineers with internal groups for scalable applications. The company offers consulting to select appropriate technology approaches and plan strategic directions. Quality assurance includes both automated and manual testing methods to maintain reliability. Dedicated teams operate on a full-time basis with transparent updates.
Offshore development helps with custom builds and platform work. SaaS solutions receive end-to-end attention from concept through ongoing maintenance. The company assembles resources based on specific project requirements. Process optimization forms part of the consulting support provided. ValueCoders works within existing development workflows to support consistent releases.
Key Highlights:
Software development consulting
Offshore development options
Quality assurance and testing
Dedicated development teams
SaaS solution building
Services:
Architecture design support
Platform modernization
Automated testing
Manual testing procedures
Process optimization
Contact Information:
Website: www.valuecoders.com
Phone: +91 888 210 8080
Email: [email protected]
Address: 11th Floor, Max Square, Noida-Greater Noida Expy, Sector 129
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/valuecoders
Facebook: www.facebook.com/ValueCoders
Twitter: x.com/ValueCoders
Instagram: www.instagram.com/valuecodersofficial_
11. .NET Developers
.NET Developers assembles dedicated teams of developers who work exclusively on client projects. The company combines different seniority levels to support cost management while maintaining delivery standards. .NET Developers focuses on C# and Microsoft stack solutions with attention to SOLID design principles. The company builds applications within the .NET framework and supports CMS platforms.
Front-end development uses JavaScript frameworks for web solutions. The company emphasizes timely delivery through deep technical expertise. .NET Developers provides clear communication and works with various project requirements across backend and frontend areas.
Key Highlights:
Dedicated development teams
C# .NET development
.NET CMS applications
Front-end development
Cost effective team composition
Services:
Web application building
Backend development
CMS platform work
JavaScript framework implementation
Project delivery management
Contact Information:
Website: net-devs.com
Phone: +48 571 282 759
Email: [email protected]
Address: Obrzeżna 1D, 02-691 Warszawa
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/net-devs
12. SCAND
SCAND provides software development outsourcing with options tailored to individual project requirements. The company delivers custom solutions for web mobile and desktop environments along with cross-platform work. IT infrastructure support becomes available when that area falls outside core business focus. Staff augmentation fills specific skill needs within existing setups.
Web application development follows modern standards for functionality and security considerations. Mobile applications receive attention to performance and scalability aspects. Needs analysis starts each engagement to match resources with goals. Reporting happens at every project stage while quality enhancements continue after initial release. SCAND maintains certifications for quality management and information security.
Key Highlights:
Custom software development
IT outsourcing services
Web app development
Mobile app development
IT staff augmentation
Services:
IT infrastructure management
Cross-platform development
Desktop application work
After release support
Needs analysis process
Contact Information:
Website: scand.com
Email: [email protected]
Phone: +1 (773) 831-4876
Address: Marszalkowska 58 Warsaw PL, 00-545
Facebook: www.facebook.com/ScandLtd
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/scand
Twitter: x.com/ScandLtd
13. Gilzor
Gilzor develops custom software solutions from idea validation to market launch. The company performs business analysis and creates mobile and web applications with focus on performance and security. Gilzor handles research and development along with UI/UX design processes. The company conducts quality assurance and offers ongoing support after release.
Product market fit testing helps refine ideas based on user input. Gilzor supports go-to-market planning and strategy development for new products. The company works across various project stages while maintaining clean code and documentation standards.
Key Highlights:
Custom software development
Idea validation support
Mobile development
Web development
Quality assurance
Services:
Business analysis
UI/UX design
Research and development
Support and maintenance
Go-to-market strategy
Contact Information:
Website: www.gilzor.com
Email: [email protected]
Address: Poland, Warsaw, Office 58, street Adama Mickiewicza 37, 01-625
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/gilzor-softwaredevelopment
14. Luxoft
Luxoft delivers software development outsourcing with attention to application development and modernization efforts. The company works on legacy systems through rewriting and rearchitecting approaches to fit current needs. Luxoft handles large-scale application management including changes and ongoing oversight. Digital transformation initiatives incorporate cloud practices along with agile methods to improve operational aspects.
Location transformation supports different offshoring arrangements to match client situations. Flexible engagement options range from squad-based work to full project ownership or specialist additions. Knowledge management includes documentation and transfer processes for smooth continuity. Luxoft establishes metrics to track progress and outcomes during engagements. The company combines technology knowledge with industry understanding for project delivery.
Key Highlights:
Cutting-edge application development
Legacy modernization services
Large-scale application management
Digital transformation initiatives
Location transformation support
Services:
Cloud adoption
Agile implementation
DevOps practices
Microservices architecture
Intelligent automation
Contact Information:
Website: www.luxoft.com
Phone: +46 31 760 58 01
Address: 41109, Östra Hamngatan 16, Gothenburg
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/companies/luxoft
Facebook: www.facebook.com/Luxoft
Twitter: x.com/Luxoft
15. Lengreo
Lengreo acts as a marketing and tech partner with focus on digital strategy and software development. The company builds websites and landing pages while providing SEO and paid ads services. Lengreo handles lead generation through personalized outreach and email campaigns. The company supports demand generation and social media content efforts.
Business analysis and research form part of the discovery phase before development starts. Lengreo performs prototyping along with quality assurance and post-launch support. The company assists with go-to-market strategies to help products reach audiences effectively.
Key Highlights:
Digital marketing strategy
Website development services
SEO optimization
Lead generation campaigns
Paid advertising management
Services:
Content strategy planning
Prototyping and design
Quality assurance
Go-to-market support
Email marketing solutions
Contact Information:
Website: lengreo.com
Phone: +31 686 147 566
Email: [email protected]
Address: Vrijstraat 9 C/D, 5611 AT Eindhoven, Netherlands
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/lengreo
Instagram: www.instagram.com/lengreo.agency
Twitter: x.com/Lengreo
16. ELEKS
ELEKS focuses on custom application development from concept through to production release. The company handles full-cycle work including design testing and support across desktop web and mobile formats. ELEKS develops AI-powered solutions that integrate with existing setups. Cloud-native approaches use various platforms with microservices for scalability.
DevOps practices help with delivery pipelines and monitoring systems. The company offers cooperation models like fixed price arrangements for defined scopes. Native and cross-platform development ensures compatibility with current environments. Product management supports roadmap planning and architecture decisions. ELEKS involves domain specialists for sector-specific requirements during development.
Key Highlights:
Full-cycle custom application development
AI and generative AI solutions
Cloud-native development
DevOps implementation
Bespoke web applications
Services:
Custom mobile apps
Machine learning integration
Architecture design
Product design
Testing and governance
Contact Information:
Website: eleks.com
Email: [email protected]
Phone: +48 530 228 025
Address: Fabryczna Office Park, al. Pokoju 18, 31-564 Kraków, Poland
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/eleks
Facebook: www.facebook.com/ELEKS.Software
Twitter: x.com/ELEKSSoftware
17. Mobian
Mobian builds dedicated engineering teams for software development projects. The company offers both outsourcing and outstaffing models for mobile and AI solutions. Mobian handles full-stack delivery from design through deployment with attention to architecture quality. The company works on legacy integration and provides post-launch support.
End-to-end product development covers mobile applications and backend systems. AI features include custom agents and automation workflows. Mobian focuses on scalable architecture for different user volumes and maintains domain knowledge in specific sectors.
Key Highlights:
Dedicated team creation
Full-stack delivery
Legacy system integration
Post-launch partnership
AI system development
Services:
Mobile application building
Backend development
Cloud infrastructure setup
Computer vision features
Scalable architecture design
Contact Information:
Website: mobian.studio
Email: [email protected]
Address: Harju maakond, Tallinn, Kesklinnalinnaosa, Masina tn 22, 10113
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/mobian-studio
18. SumatoSoft
SumatoSoft provides software development with custom solutions and IoT system creation. The company works on web applications that prioritize performance and security needs. Mobile development covers iOS Android and cross-platform options with focus on user interfaces. Enterprise software addresses complex workflows and data handling.
MVP development supports early stage ideas through prototyping and iteration. SaaS projects receive end-to-end attention from strategy to launch. AI development includes predictive analytics and machine learning models. Data analytics involves governance along with visualization tools. SumatoSoft offers outsourcing and staff augmentation depending on project structure.
Key Highlights:
Custom software development
IoT system creation
Web application building
Mobile app development
Enterprise software solutions
Services:
MVP development
SaaS platform creation
AI model development
Data analytics
Big data management
Contact Information:
Website: sumatosoft.com
Phone: +18572390848
Email: [email protected]
Address: One Boston Place, Suite 2602, Boston, MA 02108, United States
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/sumatosoft
Facebook: www.facebook.com/sumatosoft
Twitter: x.com/SumatoSoft
Instagram: www.instagram.com/sumatosoft
19. Innowise
Innowise offers software development outsourcing through full project handling and dedicated arrangements. The company provides custom software that addresses specific business challenges and workflow needs. IT consulting helps clarify technical issues and potential solutions. Digital transformation supports replacement of outdated systems with new experiences.
Staff augmentation adds specialists to existing groups for skill gaps or faster delivery. Discovery sessions define processes and goals at the start. Prototyping translates ideas into testable formats early on. Architecture design selects technologies based on scale and integration factors. Innowise includes testing and validation across different scenarios before deployment.
Key Highlights:
Full project outsourcing
Dedicated development team
Staff augmentation
IT consulting
Digital transformation
Services:
Custom software design
Architecture planning
Prototyping work
Testing procedures
Deployment support
Contact Information:
Website: innowise.com
Phone: +1 917 267 7727
Email: [email protected]
Address: 7901 4th St N STE 300, St. Petersburg, FL 33702, USA
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/innowise-group
Twitter: x.com/innowisegroup
20. N-iX
N-iX provides guidance on software development outsourcing through detailed explanations of different approaches and models. The company discusses comparisons between in-house development and outsourcing options while highlighting key differences in areas like expertise access and scalability. N-iX addresses common business challenges such as skill gaps and legacy system issues through external partnerships.
The company covers various outsourcing types including onshoring, nearshoring and offshoring arrangements along with hybrid possibilities. N-iX explores popular destinations for such work with attention to regional strengths in talent and infrastructure. The company outlines benefits like cost aspects and process management while noting potential challenges in communication and security matters.
Key Highlights:
Software development outsourcing guidance
In-house versus outsourcing comparison
Legacy system modernization support
Skill gap resolution approaches
Different outsourcing location models
Services:
Custom software solutions
Digital transformation initiatives
Advanced technology integration
System scaling assistance
IT operations streamlining
Contact Information:
Website: www.n-ix.com
Email: [email protected]
Phone: +442037407669
Address: 6 Bevis Marks, London EC3A 7BA, UK
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/n-ix
Facebook: www.facebook.com/N.iX.Company
Twitter: x.com/N_iX_Global
21. Azumo
Azumo handles software development outsourcing with focus on full lifecycle project execution from discovery to deployment. The company assembles delivery groups that manage build processes while clients maintain direction over priorities. Azumo works on custom applications including web platforms and enterprise systems along with AI features.
Nearshore arrangements support time zone alignment for smoother collaboration. The company addresses stalled projects through assessment and stabilization steps. Azumo incorporates data science elements like machine learning models and predictive analytics into solutions. Engagement flexibility allows adjustments as project phases progress.
Key Highlights:
End-to-end project handling
Custom app development
AI and data science features
Nearshore delivery model
Project rescue capabilities
Services:
Web application building
Internal tool creation
Machine learning model work
Data pipeline development
Predictive analytics implementation
Contact Information:
Website: azumo.com
Phone: 415.610.7002
Email: [email protected]
Address: 40 Mesa, Suite 114, San Francisco, CA
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/azumo-llc
Facebook: www.facebook.com/azumohq
Twitter: x.com/azumohq
22. eSparkBiz
eSparkBiz supports software development outsourcing by integrating resources with internal setups for application work. The company offers consulting to guide technology selection and process optimization. Quality assurance covers automated and manual methods to support reliability across systems.
Offshore development options help with custom builds and platform efforts. Dedicated arrangements provide full-time capacity with flexible allocation. SaaS projects receive attention from initial concepts through maintenance phases. eSparkBiz follows structured processes from consultation to deployment support.
Key Highlights:
Software development consulting
Offshore development options
Quality assurance procedures
Dedicated development arrangements
SaaS solution support
Services:
Architecture design assistance
Platform modernization
Automated testing
Manual testing
Process optimization
Contact Information:
Website: www.esparkinfo.com
Phone: (+91) - 6353453248
Email: [email protected]
Address: The Orion, Near Shree Balaji Temple, SG Highway, Ahmedabad - 382481, Gujarat
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/esparkinfo
Facebook: www.facebook.com/esparkbiz
Twitter: x.com/esparkbiz
Instagram: www.instagram.com/esparkbiz
23. A-listware
A-listware supplies software developers for outsourcing and augmentation needs. The company focuses on creating dedicated teams that integrate with client environments and deliver digital solutions. A-listware handles software development along with consulting and modernization of existing systems. The company also offers infrastructure management and cybersecurity measures.
Application services cover custom builds and product development while UX/UI design ensures user-friendly interfaces. Testing and QA processes support quality outcomes and IT consulting provides guidance on technical decisions. Data analytics and help desk services complete the range of support options available.
Key Highlights:
Software development team setup
Dedicated development teams
Legacy software modernization
Custom software development
Cloud application development
Services:
Application services
UX/UI design
Testing and QA
IT consulting
Data analytics
Cybersecurity services
Contact Information:
Website: a-listware.com
Phone: +1 (888) 337 93 73
Email: [email protected]
Address: North Bergen, NJ 07047, USA
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/a-listware
Facebook: www.facebook.com/alistware
Conclusion
Choosing the right software development outsourcing partner can feel like a big step, but it often becomes one of the smartest moves a business makes when done thoughtfully. What stands out after looking at so many options is how much the decision comes down to alignment. Some companies need speed and flexibility while others prioritize deep technical expertise or seamless integration with their existing processes. The landscape offers real variety, and that variety is exactly what makes outsourcing valuable today.
At the end of the day, successful outsourcing isn’t just about finding skilled developers. It’s about finding a partner who understands your goals and works with you as an extension of your own thinking. When that fit is there, projects move smoother, ideas turn into reality faster, and teams stay focused on what matters most. Take your time to evaluate what you truly need. The right collaboration can unlock new levels of growth without adding unnecessary complexity.
